International Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

International Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Performance Evaluations of Ammonia ‎Sensors Using Cladding Modified Single-‎Mode Optical Fiber Coated with ‎Polyaniline Nanofibers

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
H. A. Mohammed 1, 2
A. Almamori 1
S. Girie 2, 3
M. H. Abu Bakar 2
S. B. A. Anas 2
M. A. Mahdi 2
M. H. Yaacob 2
1 ‎Electronic and Communication Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University ‎of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
2 Wireless and Photonics Network Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra ‎Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
3 Department of Computer Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria
Abstract
   In this paper, we developed a cladding modified optical fiber to detect low concentrations of ammonia (NH3). The Modification is coating with polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers. By using single mode optical fiber (SMF), two sensors are fabricated. The first one is etched with the chemical agent which is hydrofluoric acid (HF), and the other is tapered with a glass processing workstation so that the waist diameters of 15 µm for both modified sensors. Modified fibers are spray coated. The modification done on SMFs considerably enhances the interaction between them. The proposed modification is considerably enhancing how the evanescent field and the (PANI) sensing layer interact with each other. The modified SMF sensors are subjected to NH3 with different concentrations within the visible wavelength range. The modified SMF and the nanostructured PANI films pattern results in a highly sensitive ammonia sensor at room temperature. The tapered SMF coated with PANI works better compared with the etched SMF. The results show that the response equals 89s, the recovery times equal 433s, and the sensitivity equals 139.1%. The modified fiber sensors have a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0034% (34 ppm).
Keywords
Ammonia sensor
Modified SMF sensor
Etched sensor tapered sensor
Polyaniline nanofiber
Visible ‎band sensors.‎
Subjects
  1. Ibrahim, S. A., Rahman, N. A., Abu Bakar, M. H., Girei, S. H., Yaacob, M. H., Ahmad, H., Mahdi, M. A., “Room temperature ammonia sensing using tapered multimode fiber coated with polyaniline nanofibers,” Exp., 23(3) (2015) 2837-2845.
  2. Abdullah, S. N., Jewad, H. A., Mohammed, H., “Design Considerations of Laser Source in a Ring Network Based on Fiber distributed Data Interface (FDDI),” Iraqi J. Laser, 1(1) (2002) 39-46.
  3. Chiam, Y. S., Lim, K. S., Harun, S. W., Gan, S. N. Phang, S. W., “Conducting polymer coated optical microfiber sensor for alcohol detection,” and Act. A: Phys., 205 (2014) 58-62.
  4. Zhao, Y. X., Zhang, T., Zhao, B., Yuan S., Zhang, Sh., "Optical salinity sensor based on a fiber-optic array," IEEE Sens. J., 9 (2009) 6-17.
  5. Gentleman, D. J., Booksh, K. S., “Determining salinity using a multimode fiber optic surface plasmon resonance dip-prob,” Talanta, 68(3) (2006) 504-515.
  6. Rodríguez, A. J. R., “Optical fiber sensors based on nanostructured materials for environmental applications,” Universidad Pública de Navarra, (2014).
  7. Tam, J. M., Szunerits, S., Walt, D. R., “Optical Fibers for Nanodevices Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,” Exp., 8 (2004) 167–177.
  8. Lin, H. Y., Cheng, G. L., Chen, N. K., Chui, H. C., “Tapered Optical Fiber Sensor Based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance,” Exp., 21 (2012) 693–701.
  9. Albin, S. G. S., “Transmission Property and evanescent wave absorption of cladded multimode fiber tapers,” Exp., 11 (2003) 215-223.
  10. Villatoro, J., Luna-Moreno, D., “In-Line Optical Fiber Sensors Based on Cladded Multimode Tapered Fibers,” Opt., 43. (2004) 5933–5938.
  11. Mohammed, H. A., Rahman, N. A., Ahmad, M. Z., Bakar, M. H. A., Anas, S. B. A., Mahdi, M. A., Yaacob, M. H., “Sensing performance of Modified Single Mode Optical Fiber Coated with Nanomaterials Based Ammonia Sensors Operated in the C-Band,” IEEE Access, 7(1) (2019) 5467-5476.
  12. Amrollahi Bioki, H., Borhani Zarandi, M., “ZnS Nanoparticles Effect on Electrical Properties of Au/PANI-ZnS/Al Heterojunction,” J. Nanosc. Nanotech., 15(1) (2019) 45-53.
  13. Mohammed, H. A., Bakar, M. H. A., Anas, S. B. A., Mahdi, M. A., Yaacob, M. H., “Real Time in Situ Remote Monitoring for Cladding Modified SMF Integrating Nanocomposite Based Ammonia Sensors Deploying EDFA,” IEEE Access, 9 (2021) 145282-145287.
  14. Chen, T., H., Chen, C., Hsu, C., Huang, C., Chang, P., Chou, W., Liu, W., “On an ammonia gas sensor based on a Pt/AlGaN heterostructure field-effect transistor,” IEEE Elect. Dev. Lett., 33(4), (2012) 12-19.
  15. Po-Cheng Chou, Huey-Ing Chen, I-Ping Liu, Chun-Chia Chen, Jian-Kai Liou,Kai-Siang Hsu and Wen-Chau Liu, “On the ammonia gas sensing performance of a RF sputtered NiO thin-film sensor,” IEEE Sens. J., 15(7) (2015) 5-17.
  16. Mohammed, A., Abu Bakar, M. H., Anas, S. B. A., Mahdi, M. A., Yaacob, M. H., "Optical fiber sensor network integrating SAC-OCDMA and cladding modified optical fiber sensors coated with nanomaterial," Opt. Fib. Tech., 70 (2022) 102875.
  17. Yang, M., Dai, J., “Review on optical fiber sensors with sensitive thin films,” Sens., 2(1) (2012) 14-28.
  18. Airoudj, A., Debarnot, D., Bêche, B., Poncin-Epaillard, F, “Design and sensing properties of an integrated optical gas sensor based on a multilayer structure,” Chemi., 80, 23 (2008) 9188-9194.
  19. Verma, D., Dutta, V., “Role of novel microstructure of polyaniline-CSA thin film in ammonia sensing at room temperature,” Act. B-Chem., 134(2) (2008) 4-12.
  20. Jian ming, Y., El-Sherif, M. A., “Fiber-optic chemical sensor using polyaniline as modified cladding material,” Sens. J., IEEE, 3(1) (2003) 5-12.
International Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Volume 18, Issue 2
Spring 2022
Pages 135-141