ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Steady State Analysis of Nanofuel Droplet Evaporation
The potential for nanofuels as one of the clean sources of energy on account of its enhanced combustion performance coupled with low emissions has been established. Considering the importance of the fuel evaporation phase in the entire combustion process, this work presents an attempt at applying the steady state analysis equations to nanofuel experimental data obtained from the literature in droplet evaporation analysis. The evaporation parameters considered included the rate, constant value (k), the droplet lifetime as well as the D2 Law response. The extent of applicability of the steady state analysis model equations to nanofuel droplet evaporation was investigated using nanofuel experimental data consisting of ethanol and alumina nanoparticles as well as n-decane and alumina nanoparticles with particle concentration ranging from 0.5-2.5%. The evaporation rate was found to decrease with increasing nanoparticle addition while the droplet lifetime increased marginally, thus validating experimentally obtained result. The nanoparticle inclusion had no effect on the evaporation rate constant value (k) as it remained unchanged throughout the droplet evaporation progression, thus showing adherence to the Classical D2 Law.
https://www.ijnnonline.net/article_36248_4910c8ed743c84382af8ec95052980aa.pdf
2019-08-01
145
155
D2 Law
Droplet evaporation
Evaporation rate
Nanofuels.
J. O.
Asibor
jude.asibor@uniben.edu
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, 1154, Benin City, Nigeria.
LEAD_AUTHOR
O.
Ighodaro
osarobo.ighodaro@uniben.edu
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, 1154, Benin City, Nigeria.
AUTHOR
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Mehta, R., Chakraborty, M., Parikh, P., (2014). “Nanofuels: Combustion, Engine Performance and Emissions”, Fuel, 120: 91-97.
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Shaafi, T., Velraj, R., (2015). “Influence of Alumina Nanoparticles, Ethanol and Isopropanol Blend as Additive with Diesel–Soybean Biodiesel Blend Fuel: Combustion, Engine Performance and Emissions”, Renewable Energy, 80: 655-663.
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D'Silva, R., Binu, K., Bhat, T., (2015). “Performance and Emission Characteristics of a C.I. Engine Fuelled with Diesel and TiO2 Nanoparticles as Fuel Additive”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 2 (4-5): 3728-3735.
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Gumus, S., Ozcan, H., Ozbey, M., Topaloglu, B., (2016). “Aluminium Oxide and Copper Oxide Nanodiesel Fuel Properties and Usage in A Compression Ignition Engine”, Fuel, 163: 80-87.
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Kannaiyan, K., Sadr, R., (2017). “The Effects of Alumina Nanoparticles as Fuel Additives on The Spray Characteristics of Gas-To-Liquid Jet Fuels”, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 87: 93-103.
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Asibor J. O., Emekwuru N., Pandey K., Basu S., (2018). “Characterization of the Spray Cone Angles of Fuels with Nanoparticle Additives”, Proceedings of the 14th Triennial International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems,Chicago, IL, USA.
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Birouk, M., Gokalp, I., (2006). “Current status of droplet evaporation in turbulent flows”, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 32(4): 408-423.
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Chen, R., Phuoc, T., Martello, D., (2010). “Effects of nanoparticles on nanofluid droplet evaporation”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53(19-20): 3677-3682.
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Gerken, W., Thomas, A., Koratkar, N., Oehlschlaeger, M., (2014). “Nanofluid pendant droplet evaporation: Experiments and modelling”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 74: 263-268.
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Wei, Y., Deng, W., Chen, R., (2016). “Effects of insoluble nano-particles on nanofluid droplet evaporation”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 97: 725-734.
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Javed, I., Baek, S., Waheed, K., (2013). “Evaporation characteristics of heptane droplets with the addition of aluminum nanoparticles at elevated temperatures”, Combustion and Flame, 160(1): 170-183.
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Javed, I., Baek, S., Waheed, K., Ali, G., Cho, S., (2013). “Evaporation characteristics of kerosene droplets with dilute concentrations of ligand-protected aluminium nanoparticles at elevated temperatures”, Combustion and Flame, 160(12): 2955-2963.
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Javed, I., Baek, S., Waheed, K., (2014). “Effects of dense concentrations of aluminium nanoparticles on the evaporation behaviour of kerosene droplet at elevated temperatures: The phenomenon of micro-explosion”, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 56: 33-44.
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Gan, Y., Lim, Y., Qiao, L., (2012). “Combustion of Nanofluid Fuels with The Addition of Boron and Iron Particles at Dilute and Dense Concentrations”, Combustion and Flame, 159 (4): 1732-1740.
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39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
In-vitro – In-vivo Characterization of Glimepiride Lipid Nanoparticulates Prepared by Combined Approach of Precipitation and Complexation
Novel lipid nanoparticulates (NCs) were developed by a combined approach of precipitation and complexation with an aim to improve the solubility, stability and targeting efficiency of glimepiride (GLP). GLP NCs were prepared by precipitation process using PEG 20000 and further complexed with phospholipon90G (P90G). The NCs were evaluated for physicochemical characterization, such as drug loading, saturation solubility (SS) and particle characterization studies. The solid state characterization studies were performed using X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further in-vitro dissolution studies and in vivo (drug targeting) studies were also performed. Short term (3 months) stability studies were conducted on most satisfactory NCs. GLP P90G NCs exhibited three folds increase in saturation solubility. Particle size of NCs was ranging from between 210-240 nm. The dissolution and in vitro stability of NCs were superior compared to pure GLP. XRPD and DSC analysis proved that crystallinity prevailed in NCs, but with a slight change in crystal structure. SEM analysis indicated spherical shaped particles with a lipid coat. The NCs were found to be stable during the period of study. In vivo studies on optimized NCs showed slightly higher drug concentration (1.38 µg/ml) in pancreas of rat than that of pure GLP. It can be concluded that solubility and stability of GLPNCs were significantly improved by P90G complexation. Also, P90G (phospholipids) could be effectively used in enhancing the targeting efficiency and pharmacokinetics of glimepiride.
https://www.ijnnonline.net/article_36249_2255c50b5472638efb200ea723d9d55b.pdf
2019-08-01
157
177
nanoparticles
Nanonization
phospholipids
pancreatic targeting
Surface properties.
S.
Kumar B.
drsajeev2016@gmail.com
1
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Soldevanahalli, Bengaluru 560 017, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
D.
Goli
sajeevkumarb@acharya.ac.in
2
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Soldevanahalli, Bengaluru 560 017, India
AUTHOR
Shaik, R., Bilal, A. T., (2012). ‘‘Nanomedicine current trends in diabetes management’’, J. Nanomed. Nanotech., 3: 1-7.
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O'Donnell, K. P., (2012).“Optimizing the formulation of poorly water - soluble drugs”., Springer, USA.
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60
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Amazon Fruits
In this study, we report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from extracts of native fruits from Amazonia, Brazil. AgNPs were characterized by UV/Vis and medium infrared (MIR) spectroscopy. Their antimicrobial activities were evaluated against the growth of bacteria and leavers, as well as the evaluation of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The colloidal solutions had a maximum absorption peak around 440 nm, as was well reported in the literature for colloidal silver. The MIR spectra identified the functional groups of carboxylic acids and several phenolic compounds as possible factors responsible for the stabilization and coating of AgNPs. All synthesized AgNPs showed antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In this sense, the obtained results showed that the native plants of Amazonia have potential to be used for the green synthesis of AgNPs and that more studies related to their applications should be performed.
https://www.ijnnonline.net/article_36250_c1cddc6e0b1e8815c4d9fc6b76d595ca.pdf
2019-08-01
179
188
Antimicrobial activity
Minimal Inhibitory Concentration
Minimum bactericidal concentration
AgNPs.
A. K. O.
Lima
kelbislima@gmail.com
1
Department of Genetics and Morphology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
AUTHOR
A. A.
Vasconcelos
arthurnadervas@yahoo.com.br
2
Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará, Pará, Brazil.
AUTHOR
J. J. V.
Sousa Júnior
josejeosafajrstm@hotmail.com
3
Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of Western Pará, Pará, Brazil.
AUTHOR
S. K. S.
Escher
katrineescher@hotmail.com
4
Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of Western Pará, Pará, Brazil.
AUTHOR
G.
Nakazato
gersonakazato@yahoo.com.br
5
Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
AUTHOR
P. S.
Taube Júnior
pstjunior@yahoo.com.br
6
Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará, Pará, Brazil.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ahmed, S., Ahmad, M., Swami, B. L., Ikram, S., (2016). “A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: a green expertise”, Journal of advanced research, 7(1): 17-28.
1
Shams, S., Pourseyedi, Sh., Hashemipour Rafsanjani, H., (2014). “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: eco-friendly and antibacterial”, International Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, 10(2): 127-132.
2
Xue, B., He, D., Gao, S., Wang, D., Yokoyama, K., Wang, L., (2016). “Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by the fungus Arthroderma fulvum and its antifungal activity against genera of Candida, Aspergillus and Fusarium”, International journal of nanomedicine., 11: 1899-1906.
3
Kaviya, S., santhanalakshmi, J., viswanathan, B., (2011). “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Polyalthia longifolia leaf extract along with D-sorbitol: study of antibacterial activity”, Journal of nanotechnology, Article ID 152970.
4
Saxena, A., Tripathi, R. M., Zafar, F., Singh, P., (2012). “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous solution of Ficus benghalensis leaf extract and characterization of their antibacterial activity”, Material Letters., 67(1): 91-94.
5
Khalil, K. A., Fouad, H., Elsarnagawy, T., Almajhdi, F. N., (2013). “Preparation and characterization of electrospun PLGA/silver composite nanofibers for biomedical applications”, International journal of electrochemical science, 8(3): 3483-3493.
6
Jha, R. K., Jha, P. K., Chaudhury, K., Rana, S. V., Guha, S. K., (2014). “An emerging interface between life science and nanotechnology: present status and prospects of reproductive healthcare aided by nano-biotechnology”, Nano reviews, 5(1): 22762.
7
Niraimathi, K. L., Sudha, V., Lavanya, R., Brindha, P., (2013). “Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) extract and their antimicrobial, antioxidant activities”, Colloids and surfaces B: biointerfaces, 102, 288-291.
8
El-Chaghaby, Ghadir A., Ahmad, Abeer F., (2011). “Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Pistacia lentiscus leaves extract and investigation of their antimicrobial effect”, Oriental journal of chemistry, 27(3): 929-936.
9
Veerasamy, R., Xin, T. Z., Gunasagaran, S., Xiang, T. F. W., Yang, E. F. C., Jeyakumar, N., Dhanaraj, S. A., (2011). “Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using mangosteen leaf extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities”, Journal of saudi chemical society, 15(2): 113-120.
10
Wong, K. K., Cheung, S. O., Huang, L., Niu, J., Tao, C., Ho, C. M., Tam, P. K., (2009). “Further evidence of the anti-inflammatory effects of silver nanoparticles”, ChemMedChem: Chemistry enabling drug discovery, 4(7): 1129-1135.
11
Baruwati, B., Polshettiwar, V., Varma, R. S., (2009). “Glutathione promoted expeditious green synthesis of silver nanoparticles in water using microwaves”, Green chemistry, 11(7): 926-930.
12
Popescu, M., Velea, A., Lőrinczi, A., (2010). “Biogenic production of nanoparticles”, Digest journal of nanomaterials & biostructures (DJNB), 5(4): 1035-1040.
13
Sowbarnika, R., Anhuradha, S., Preetha, B., (2018). “Enhanced antimicrobial effect of yeast mediated silver nanoparticles synthesized from baker’s yeast”, International Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, 14(1): 33-42.
14
Kurian, M., Varghese, B., Athira, T. S., Krishna, S., (2016). “Novel and efficient synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale rhizome extracts”, International Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, 12(3): 175-181.
15
Ajitha, B., Reddy, Y. A. K., Reddy, P. S., (2015). “Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Lantana camara leaf extract”, Materials science and engineering: C, 49: 373-381.
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Rao, N. H., Lakshmidevi, N., Pammi, S. V. N., Kollu, P., Ganapaty, S., & Lakshmi, P., (2016). “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using methanolic root extracts of Diospyros paniculata and their antimicrobial activities”, Materials science and engineering: C, 62: 553-557.
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57
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Elucidation of Biological Activity of Silver Based Nanoparticles Using Plant Constituents of Syzygium cumini
We report the efficacy of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using the leaf and bark extracts of Syzygium cumini (common name Jamun) with silver nitrate (AgNO3)which were used as both reducing and capping agent at varied temperatures- 25°C, 37°C and 80°C. Three sets of AgNPs from leaf and bark extracts, were synthesized at the above mentioned temperatures, and then physical characterization using UV-Vis spectroscopy indicated a peak in the range of 385-460nm. The hydrodynamic radii measured by DLS clearly indicated the size of AgNPs in the range of 72-284nm. The biological efficacy in terms of antimicrobial activity was assessed by Kirby Bauer method, applied for both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherchia coli respectively. The Zone of inhibition (ZOI) diameter was found to be 22mm and 20mm in S.aureus and E.coli, indicated the bactericidal activity of AgNPs synthesized from leaf extract at 25°C was maximum. Further, the IC50 of the same AgNP was 12.5µg/ml indicating 49.3% cytotoxicity in human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7 confirmed the anticancer activity, whereas in HEK cell line the cyototoxicity observed was only 8.95% at the same concentration. The upregulation of apoptotic marker “p53” post treatment with 12.5µg/ml for 24hrs as done by Western blotting. Hence, AgNPs synthesized by green synthesis are proposed as economical, environment friendly having immense potential for drug delivery.
https://www.ijnnonline.net/article_36251_da879001c109a420eaa5670414a31bd7.pdf
2019-08-01
189
198
Anticancer
Antimicrobial
Apoptosis
Green Chemistry
Silver nanoparticles
Syzygium cumini.
D.
Mittal
dishamittal90@gmail.com
1
Nanobiotech lab, Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College,University of Delhi, P.O.Box 110007, Delhi, India.
AUTHOR
K.
Narang
kritika_rocks58@yahoo.in
2
Nanobiotech lab, Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College,University of Delhi, P.O.Box 110007, Delhi, India.
AUTHOR
A.
Leekha Kapinder
ankita.biotech11@gmail.com
3
1Nanobiotech lab, Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College,University of Delhi, P.O.Box 110007, Delhi, India.
AUTHOR
K.
Kumar
kapsind2007@gmail.com
4
Nanobiotech lab, Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College,University of Delhi, P.O.Box 110007, Delhi, India.
AUTHOR
A. K.
Verma
akamra23@hotmail.com
5
Nanobiotech lab, Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College,University of Delhi, P.O.Box 110007, Delhi, India.
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Yu R., Wu J., Liu M., Zhu G., Chen L., Chang Y., Lu H., (2016).“Toxicity of binary mixtures of metal oxide nanoparticles to Nitrosomonas europaea”, Chemosphere, 153: 187-197.
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Vadlapudi V., Kaladhar D.S.V.G.K., (2014). “Review: Green Synthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles”, M.E.J.S.R, 19: 834-842.
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Ahmed B. A., Raman T., Anbazhagan V., (2016). “Platinum nanoparticles inhibit bacteria proliferation and rescue zebrafish from bacterial infection”, RSC Adv, 6: 44415-44424.
3
Barua S., Banerjee P. P., Sadhu A., Sengupta A., Chatterjee S., Sarkar S., Karak N., (2017). “Silver Nanoparticles as Antibacterial and Anticancer Materials against Human Breast, Cervical and Oral Cancer Cells”, J.N.N, 17: 968-976.
4
Liu Y. C., Lin L.H., (2004). “New pathway for the synthesis of ultrafine silver nanoparticle from bulk silver substrates in aqueous solutions by sono-electrochemical methods”, Electrochem. Commun, 6: 1163-1168.
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Tan Y., Wang Y., Jiang L., Zhu D., (2002). “Thiosalicylic acid-functionalized silver nanoparticles synthesized in one-phase system”, J. Colloid and Interface Sci, 249: 336-345.
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Smetana A. B., Klabunde K. J., Sorensen C. M., (2005). “Synthesis of spherical silver nanoparticles by digestive ripening, stabilization with various agents, and their 3-D and 2-D superlattice formation”, J. Colloid and Interface Sci., 284: 521-526.
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Mallick K., Witcomb M., Scurrell M. S., (2005). “Green Nanotechnology for Biofuel Production”, Mater. Chem. Phys.,90: 221.
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Srikar S.K., Giri D.D., Pal D.B., Mishra P.K., Upadhyay S.N., (2016). “Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: A Review”, Green Sustain Chem., 6(01): 34.
9
Remya V.R., Abitha V.K., Rajput P.S., Rane A.V., Dutta A., (2017). “Silver nanoparticles green synthesis: A mini review”, Chemistry International., 3(2): 165-171.
10
Iravani S., (2011). “Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants”, Green Chem.,13(10): 2638-2650.
11
Swami S.B., Thakor N.S.J., Patil M.M., Haldankar P.M., (2012). “Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.): A Review of Its Food and Medicinal Uses”, Food Nutr. Sci., 3(08): 1100.
12
Dey A., Dasgupta A., Kumar V., Tyagi A., Verma A.K., (2015). “Evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and tri-sodium citrate (TSC) silver Nanoparticles”, Int. Nano. Lett., 5(4): 223-230.
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Blancher, C., Jones, A. (2001) “SDS -PAGE and Western Blotting Technique in S. A. Brooks & U. Schumacher, ed. by Metastasis Research Protocols”, Vol I: Analysis of Cells and Tissues Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; p.145.
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Vivek R., Thangam R., Muthuchelian K., Gunasekaran P., Kaveri K., Kannan S., (2012). “Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Annona squamosa leaf extract and its in vitro cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells”, Process Biochem., 47(12): 2405-2410.
15
Gurunathan S., Raman J., Malek S. N., John P. A., Vikineswary S., (2013). “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ganoderma neo-japanicum Imazeki: a potential cytotoxic agent against breast cancer”, Int. J. Nanomedicine., 8: 4399.
16
Singh A., Jain D., Daima H.K., Kachhwaha S., Kothari S. L., (2010). “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using argemone mexicana leaf extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities” Dig J. Nanomater. Biostruct., 5(2): 483-489.
17
Begum N. A., Mondal S., Basu S., Lasker R. A., Mandal D., (2009). “Biogenic synthesis of Au and Ag nanoparticles using aqueous solutions of Black Tea leaf extracts”, J. Colloids and Surf. B Biointerfaces, 71(1): 113-118.
18
Sathyavathi R., Krishna M. B., Rao S. V., Saritha R., Rao D. N., (2010). “Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Coriandrum Sativum Leaf Extract and Their Application in Nonlinear Optics”; Adv. Sci. Lett., 3: 138-143.
19
Cumberland S. A., Lead J. R., (2009). “Particle size distributions of silver nanoparticles at environmentally relevant conditions”, J. Chromatogra., 1216(52): 9099-9105.
20
Siddig M. A., Abdelgadir E. A., Elbadawi A. A., Mustafal M. E., Mussa A. A., (2015). “Structural characterization and physical properties of Syzygium cumini flowering plant”, Int.J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng., 4: 2694.
21
Prabhu S., Poulose E. K., (2012). “Silver Nanoparticles: mechanism of antimicrobial action, synthesis, medical applications and toxicity effects”, Int. Nan. Lett., 2(1): 32.
22
Mirzajani F., Ghassempour A., (2011). “Antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles on Staphylococcus aureus”, Res. Microbio., 162(5): 542-549.
23
Reidy B., Haase A., Luch A., Dawson K. A., Lynch I., (2013). “Mechanisms of Silver Nanoparticle Release, Transformation and Toxicity: A Critical Review of Current Knowledge and Recommendations for Future Studies and Applications”, Materials, 6(6): 2295-2350.
24
He Y., Du Z., Ma S., Cheng S., Jiang S., Liu Y., Zheng X., (2016). “Biosynthesis, Antibacterial Activity and Anticancer Effects Against Prostate Cancer (PC-3) Cells of Silver Nanoparticles Using Dimocarpus Longan Lour. Peel Extract” Nanoscale Res. Lett., 11(1): 300.
25
Okafor F., Janen A., Kukhtareya T., Edwards V., Curley M., (2013). “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, their characterisation, application and antibacterial activity”, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health.; 10(10): 5221-5238.
26
Gurunathan S., Park J. H., Han J. W., Kim J. H., (2015). “Dual functions of silver nanoparticles in F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells, a suitable model for evaluating cytotoxicity and differentiation-mediated cancer therapy”, Int. J. Nanomedicine.; 10: 4203.
27
Zhu B., Li Y., Lin Z., Zhao M., Xu T., Wang C., Deng N., (2016). “Silver Nanoparticles Induce HePG-2 Cells Apoptosis Through ROS-Mediated Signaling Pathways”, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 11(1): 198.
28
Jang S. J., Yang I. J., Tettey C. O., Kim K. M., Shin H. M., (2016). “Green Silver Nanoparticles: Novel Therapeutic Potential for Cancer and Microbial Infections”, Materials Science and Engineering, 68: 430.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Essential Oils Nanoemulsions: Preparation, Characterization and Study of Antibacterial Activity against Escherichia Coli
This research studies the application of essential oil nanoemulsion as herbal medicine instead of using antibiotics and chemicals. Thyme, shirazi thyme and rosemary essential oils were selected as herbal drugs. Essential oil nanoemulsions with Tween 80 and/or Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactants were prepared and investigated. Physicochemical characterizations such as hydrodynamic diameter, pH, conductivity, optical clarity and antibacterial activity against gram negative bacteria, E.coli, have been studied. Morphology of the nanoemulsions was evaluated by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Nanoemulsions prepared with the mixture of SDS−Tween 80 had particle diameters significantly smaller than those prepared with Tween 80 (2-11.7 nm in comparison with 189-200 nm). Formulated nanoemulsions had long-term stability at ambient temperature; as there were little changes in droplet diameter after storage for 2 months. MTT assay showed non-toxicity of prepared nanoemulsions. Antibacterial activity against E.coli was also studied by counting the number of survival bacteria in a broth medium. The in vitro test indicated efficacy of all prepared emulsions on E.coli, especially those containing thyme essential oil. The results suggested that the formulated nanoemulsions might be used as potential carrier in food, pharmaceutical and drug delivery systems.
https://www.ijnnonline.net/article_36252_c40e5c5586f1d78d9fe54ad11155999e.pdf
2019-08-01
199
210
Nanoemulsion
Thyme oil
Rosemary oil
MTT assay
In vitro test.
S.
Moradi
s-moradi@phd.araku.ac.ir
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Markazi, Iran.
AUTHOR
A.
Barati
a-barati@araku.ac.ir
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Markazi, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Novel Design of Quaternary Inverter Gate Based on GNRFET
This paper presents a novel design of quaternary logic gates using graphene nanoribbon field effect transistors (GNRFETs). GNRFETs are the alternative devices for digital circuit design due to their superior carrier-transport properties and potential for large-scale processing. In addition, Multiple-valued logic (MVL) is a promising alternative to the conventional binary logic design. Saving power and reduced chip area is the reason for simplicity. The first design is a resistive-load GNRFET-based quaternary inverter gate. The channel length is 15 nm. This circuit works with a 0.9V supply voltage at room temperature. For optimizing the first design, resistors are replaced with transistors in the second design. Simulation results using HSPICE indicate that in the second proposed design provides 61.1% reduction in power-delay product (PDP) that of first proposed. These results can be used in MVL design based on nano devices.
https://www.ijnnonline.net/article_36253_5469f735c62b94520f48dbc0399b6b34.pdf
2019-08-01
211
217
GNRFET
Inverter
Multiple-valued design
Power-delay product (PDP)
Quaternary.
M.
Nayeri
nayeri2020@gmail.com
1
Department of Computer Engineering, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.
AUTHOR
P.
Keshavarzian
peimank@gmail.com
2
Department of Computer Engineering, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.
Nayeri
nayeri@iauyazd.ac.ir
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran.
AUTHOR
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